The examination in the sequencing of stamping and printing refers to the judicial expert opinion concerning the sequencing of stamping and printing obtained through examining the order of the seal or fingerprint and handwriting or printed texts in a document. Zhu refers to the stamp-pad ink in the seal print or chop (usually red stamp-pad ink), and Mo refers to the printed characters or handwriting and stokes overlapping with the seal print.

Examination in the Overlapping Sequence of Stamping and Printing (Character and Seal Print Sequence Examination)

Recently, examinations are needed to make of many documents and physical proofs such as IOU, receipt, will, agreement and contract to decide its authenticity in the litigation process. However, in China, the official document will be effective only after affixed with an official seal (including official seal and name seal). Its normal formation sequence should be that a seal should be attached to only after relevant written characters is examined and reviewed. So to speak, Mo precedes Zhu. Therefore, a correct judgment on the overlapping sequence of stamping and printing in physical proofs plays an important role in examining the authenticity of the document and deciding the existence of falsification. With the continuous advancement of science and technology, ink, ballpoint pen, carbon paper and writing pigment tend to diversify, and various printers such as impact printer, laser printer, ink jet printer and thermal sensitive printer are   gradually becoming popularized, bringing some difficulties to discern the overlapping sequence of stamping and printing in physical proofs.

With the rapid development of modern science and technology, precision machine and advanced methods emerge one after another, and latest scientific achievements are continuously applied to document examination, making continuous improvements to examination technologies. To correctly judge the overlapping sequence of stamping and printing in physical proofs, we must choose proper examination methods in light of the actual conditions concerning examined materials, and make full use of the strength while avoiding the shortcomings so as to reflect the sequence of the seal print and handwriting formation. To make the examination conclusions more scientific and reliable, we suggest adopting the two examination methods above to complement with and verify each other.

Below is the test using Forensic magnifier HS525

Handwriting Tampering

Handwriting tampering refers to the tampering action on the original document made with another ballpoint pen.

Below is the test also using Forensic magnifier HS525